An Analysis of Iran–Russia Relations during the Second Pahlavi Era and the Islamic Republic from the Perspective of National Interests

Abstract

Foreign policy consists of the set of positions, actions, and decisions adopted by national governments toward one another or toward international organizations, the primary objective of which is the realization of the national interest of the state as an integrated political unit. In the process of foreign policy decision-making, decision-makers must articulate their general perceptions of national interests in the form of concrete objectives and policies; assess their available capabilities and resources for the implementation of such objectives; determine the appropriate methods for employing those capabilities in pursuit of the intended goals; and, in practice, act toward the attainment of foreign policy objectives. Securing national interests constitutes the principal objective of foreign policy decision-making. The definition and identification of national interests is a difficult and complex matter and may be approached from multiple perspectives. Nevertheless, certain core elements may be emphasized, including the preservation of independence and territorial integrity, the maintenance of national prestige, the security of borders, and the continuation of peace and avoidance of war. The research method of this study is descriptive–comparative. The data collection method is documentary (library-based), involving the examination and analysis of existing books and scholarly articles relevant to the subject of the research. Recent developments indicate an increasing strategic convergence between Iran and Russia. Among these developments are the conclusion of a long-term cooperation agreement between the two states, the strengthening of defense and armaments cooperation, the expansion of economic exchanges outside the framework of the US dollar, and even reports of intelligence and military cooperation in cases such as the Ukraine war. Collectively, these developments demonstrate that the actual conduct of this policy can be analyzed on the basis of realist theoretical models, particularly with respect to the pursuit of national interests, the countering of perceived threats, and the enhancement of relative power.