Legal Countermeasures Against Terrorism in the Persian Gulf Region
Keywords:
Counterterrorism, Persian Gulf, International LawAbstract
Legal countermeasures against terrorism in the Persian Gulf region are of great importance and encompass several dimensions and approaches. These efforts generally include international cooperation, strengthening domestic legal frameworks, preventing extremism and terrorism, and emphasizing non-military cooperation. The purpose of this article is to present legal solutions consistent with international instruments and various resolutions that can contribute to the eradication of terrorism in the Persian Gulf region. With this consideration in mind, the study examines the issue of legal countermeasures against terrorism in the Persian Gulf region using a descriptive–analytical method and a library-based research approach. The findings indicate that legal countermeasures against terrorism in the Persian Gulf region require coordinated and multilateral efforts, including international cooperation, strengthening domestic legal frameworks, preventing extremism and terrorism, employing modern technologies, emphasizing non-military cooperation, enhancing capacities and skills, and reaching agreement on a regional framework for counterterrorism. Through the implementation of these strategies and measures, legal efforts to combat terrorism in the Persian Gulf region can be significantly improved, and terrorist threats can be reduced more effectively.
Downloads
References
1. Cassese A. The Multifaceted Criminal Notion of Terrorism in International Law. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 2006;4(5):933-58. doi: 10.1093/jicj/mql074.
2. Savari H. The fight against terrorism and international law: Risks and opportunities. Journal of the International Legal Services Office of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 2003(29).
3. Jalali M, Heydargholizadeh J. Narco-terrorism and the global and Iranian legal preventive approach in combating it. International Studies of Terrorism Quarterly. 2017;1(1).
4. Jafari Langroudi MJ. Legal Terminology. 17th ed. Tehran: Ganj-e-Danesh; 2005.
5. Deen T. Politics: After 8 Years, UN Cant Agree How To Define Terrorism. Global Information Network. 2005:52.
6. Aghareb-Parast MR. Combating terrorism in international law. Rah-e-Avard Siyasi Journal. 2007(17).
7. Johnson C, Kardan A, Kolahi HS. The Sorrows of Empire. Tehran: Abrar Moaser Publications; 2005.
8. Dudoignon S. Iran as an Islamic Interface between South Asia and the Gulf. In: Jaffrelot C, Louer L, editors. Pan-Islamic Connections: Transnational Networks between South Asia and the Gulf. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2018. p. 177-94.
9. Kfir I. Social Identity Group and Human (In) Security: The case of Islamic (ISIL). Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 2015;38(4):233-52. doi: 10.1080/1057610X.2014.997510.
10. Lake DA, Morgan PM, Dehghani Firoozabadi SJ. Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World. Tehran: Strategic Publications; 2013.
11. Al-Baharna HM. The Legal Status of the Arabian Gulf States: A Study of their Treaty Relations and their International Problems. Manchester, New York, India: The University Press; 1968.
12. Al-Batati S. Divided south Yemen separatists vow to achieve independence. Middle Eastern Eye. 2014.
13. Ulrichsen K. Gulf security: changing internal and external dynamics. The Centre for the Study of Global Governance, 2009.
14. Cordesman AH. Security Cooperation in the Middle East. The Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2007.
15. Jones T. Embracing Crisis in the Gulf Middle East Report. Middle East Report. 2012;42(264).
16. Sloan A. Gulf states among world's largest arms importers. MEMO: Middle East Monitor. 2014.
17. Perlo-Freeman S, Solmirano C. Trends in World Military Expenditure. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2014.
18. Moniquet C. The Involvement of Salafism / Wahhabism in the Support and Supply of Arms to Rebel Groups Around the World. European Parliament, 2013.
19. Armstrong K. Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism. The New Statesman. 2014.
20. Pall Z. Kuwaiti Salafism and its growing influence in the Levant. Carnegie: Endowment for International Peace, 2014.
21. Commins D. The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia: I.B. Tauris; 2009. 177-207 p.
22. Bradley J. Al Qaeda and the House of Saud: Eternal Enemies or Secret Bedfellows? The Washington Quarterly. 2005;28(4):139-52. doi: 10.1162/0163660054798690.
23. Riedal B, Saab BY. Al Qaeda's Third Front: Saudi Arabia. Washington Quarterly. 2008;31(2):33-46. doi: 10.1162/wash.2008.31.2.33.
24. Al Saud M. Saudi Arabia does not support Islamic State terrorists - or any others. The Guardian. 2014.
25. Maclean W, Taylor P. Saudi Arabia's clerics condemn IS but preach intolerance. Reuters. 2014.
26. Crooke A. You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia. New Perspectives Quarterly. 2015;32(1):11-20. doi: 10.1111/npqu.11504.
27. Al Shishani MB. The Rise and Fall of Arab Fighters in Chechnya. The Jamestown Foundation, 2006.
28. Hegghammer T. Terrorist Recruitment and Radicalisation in Saudi Arabia. Middle East Policy. 2006;13(4):39-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4967.2006.00269.x.
29. Dickinson E. The Case Against Qatar. Foreign Policy. 2014.
30. Roberts D. Is Qatar bringing the Nusra Front in from the cold? BBC News. 2015.
31. Treasury Targets Key Al-Qa'ida Funding and Support Network Using Iran as a Critical Transit Point. US Department of the Treasury, 2011.
32. Country Reports on Terrorism 2013. United States Department of State, 2014.
33. McCants W. Five Myths About the Islamic State. Brookings Institute, 2014.
34. Boghardt LP. Saudi Funding ISIS. Washington Institute, 2014.
35. Keatinge T. The Importance of Financing in Enabling and Sustaining the Conflict in Syria (and Beyond). Perspectives on Terrorism. 2014;8(4).
36. Cohen D. Remarks of Under Secretary David Cohen on Confronting New Threats in Terrorist Financing. US Department of the Treasury, 2014.
37. Keatinge T. Finances of jihad: How extremist groups raise money. BBC News. 2014.
38. Boghardt LP. The Terrorist Funding Disconnect with Qatar and Kuwait. Washington Institute, 2014.
39. Rezaei R, Mousavi SS. The emergence of ISIS and its impact on regional equations: A case study of challenges and opportunities created for Iran. World of Politics. 2017;5(11).
40. Wintour P. Gulf Plunged into Diplomatic Crisis as Countries Cut Ties with Qatar. The Guardian. 2017.
41. Habeeb WM. The Middle East in Turmoil: Conflict and Change. California: Green Wood; 2012.
42. Stein A. Middle East missile race: the missile defense review, Iran, and the implications for the Gulf. Foreign Policy Research Institute, 2019.
43. Sour L. The Algerian Domestic Strategy of Counter-Terrorism from Confrontation to National Reconciliation. Romanian Review of Political Sciences and International Relations. 2015;12(2).
44. Arieff A. Algeria: Current Issues, Congressional Research Service. US Department of State, 2011.
45. Greco M. Algeria's Strategy to Overcome Regional Terrorism. The National Interest. 2019.
46. Hearne EB, Laiq N. A New Approach? Deradicalization Programs and Counterterrorism. International Peace Institute, 2010.
47. Hasan N, Hendriks B, Janssen F, Meijer R. Counter-Terrorism Strategies in Indonesia, Algeria and Saudi Arabia. Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael, 2012.
Downloads
Published
Submitted
Revised
Accepted
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Najafi (Author); Seyed Fazllolah Mousavi; Heybatollah Najandimanesh (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
