Journal of Historical Research, Law and Policy 3115-7505 In Press 2027 07 01 Criminological Analysis of Privacy Violations in Cyberspace: A Comparative Study of the Legal Systems of Iran and Afghanistan Criminological Analysis of Privacy Violations in Cyberspace: A Comparative Study of the Legal Systems of Iran and Afghanistan 1 15 EN Journal Article 2026 04 08 <p>The present study was conducted with the aim of providing a criminological analysis of privacy violations in cyberspace from a comparative perspective within the legal systems of Iran and Afghanistan. The central research question examines the extent to which the existing legal frameworks in the two countries are aligned with contemporary criminological principles in addressing cybercrimes against privacy. The study employs a descriptive–analytical methodology with a comparative research approach, and data were collected through the analysis of legal texts, international instruments, and a review of relevant scholarly literature. The findings indicate that although both legal systems have undertaken efforts to criminalize infringements upon digital privacy, these efforts suffer from definitional ambiguities, limited enforcement capacity, and a predominantly reactive approach. Iran, through the Computer Crimes Act of 2009, demonstrates a relatively more developed legislative framework, whereas Afghanistan remains in the early stages of developing its cybersecurity legal structure. The study concludes that integrating preventive criminological approaches with the principles of Islamic jurisprudence can provide a solid foundation for reforming the legal systems of both countries.</p> https://jhrlp.com/index.php/jhrlp/article/download/366/360